Percentage analysis of data was carried out after the data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2007. Following a national lockdown lasting a month, nearly 50% of the 77 (405%) respondents recommenced clinical duties, substantially increasing daily consultations by 649% and predominantly in hospital settings (818%), contingent upon screening patients at a fever clinic (87%). Modifications to neck (857%), oral cavity (442%), and nasal (298%) examinations in clinical procedures represented the bulk of the changes, with a substantially reduced emphasis on ear examination (39%). A noteworthy 194% avoidance was seen in regular endoscopic procedures. A disappointing 57% employed adequate personal protective gear. A staggering 935% fewer elective surgeries were conducted. The mandatory COVID-19 test, primarily performed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (95.9%), was administered to 896 people before the semi-urgent case. Clinical practice alterations were necessitated to curtail viral transmission. A noticeable shift was observed in the outpatient department, which saw the majority of patients screened for fever and having their clinical examinations modified. To the extent that they were available, personal protective equipment was worn. The operative lists' scope was limited to semi-urgent and urgent cases, routinely including COVID testing for semi-urgent procedures.

Vascular outpatient departments frequently see patients presenting with varicose veins. The current population bears a high degree of morbidity due to this. Examining the relationship between great saphenous vein size and saphenofemoral junction incompetence is the objective of this study. In the period encompassing January 2019 to January 2020, 396 patients presenting with varicose veins, either symptomatic or clinically diagnosed, were screened to identify Saphenofemoral junction reflux. Using B-mode imaging techniques, the diameter of the saphenous vein was ascertained, and valve closure time, as determined via Doppler spectral measurements, quantified the reflux. The saphenous vein diameter cutoff most predictive of reflux was found through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In a study of 792 limbs, the Great Saphenous Venous System was implicated in 452 limbs, the Short Saphenous Venous System was observed in 151 limbs, and 240 limbs exhibited significant perforator presence. The average diameter of the saphenous vein in the diseased limb (where reflux was present) was 56.8 millimeters, in stark contrast to the 4 centimeters in the control group (where reflux was absent). The average diameter of the saphenofemoral junction was substantially larger in diseased limbs (823 mm) compared to control limbs (616 mm). NbutylN(4hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, a saphenous vein diameter of 45 mm at the femoral condyle emerged as the best diagnostic threshold for detecting saphenofemoral junction reflux. In the diagnosis of saphenofemoral junction reflux, a great saphenous vein diameter of 45mm at the femoral condyle is demonstrably the most effective benchmark. This cutoff's sensitivity is measured at 818% and its specificity at 71%.

A rising number of cases and complications from hypertension result from the considerable number of individuals unaware of their condition and those diagnosed, yet failing to effectively manage their blood pressure levels. Our objective is to identify the prevalence of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in the Itahari sub-metropolitan city of eastern Nepal, in addition to exploring associated socio-demographic and behavioral risk elements and assessing accessibility to healthcare services. Utilizing a population proportionate to sample size sampling method, a cross-sectional study was implemented in five wards of Itahari, involving 1161 participants. Face-to-face interviews, coupled with semi-structured questionnaires and physical measurements (blood pressure, weight, and height), were used to collect data from participants. Prevalence of hypertension measured 265%, including undiagnosed cases at 110% and previously recognized cases at 155%. Uncontrolled blood pressure was observed in 766% of the diagnosed cases; 5670% were medicated with anti-hypertensive drugs, and 78% were under the care of Ayurvedic medicine practitioners. More than three-quarters of the participants preferred private healthcare facilities for their treatment, and a notable 227% encountered financial hurdles when seeking healthcare services. Among the participants, 64% had either not utilized healthcare services or had visited them just once in the last six months. Hypertension showed a considerable association with the variables of increasing age, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking status, and positive family history, at a significance level below 0.005. The findings indicate a high prevalence of hypertension, with a corresponding lack of awareness and utilization of available services at the local primary health center among the participants. A coordinated strategy combining regular hypertension screening and comprehensive awareness programs on the advantages of primary health centers should be implemented.

At androgen-dependent locations on women's bodies, hirsutism manifests as excess terminal hair growth, which has a marked impact on both their psychological and social life, ultimately affecting their overall quality of life (QoL). Although international publications are replete with studies focused on the quality of life for women with hirsutism, a comparable body of research within Nepalese literature is absent. The impact of hirsutism on the quality of life among Nepalese women was the subject of this study. This study aims to determine how hirsutism affects the quality of life for women at a tertiary care center in Eastern Nepal, and how it relates to different social, demographic, and clinical factors. The Dermatology Department, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, saw the execution of a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study, Method A, encompassing 49 participants, spanning ages 10 to 49 years. The study cohort consisted of clinically diagnosed hirsute females whose modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) score exceeded 8, who were then administered the Nepalese version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. In the study cohort, over 572% of the participants had ages between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 2,776,808 years. The Dermatology Life Quality Index score, when averaged, demonstrated a value of 778495. A moderate impact was evident in a large proportion of the participants (367%), prominently affecting daily activities, symptoms, and emotional states. Higher mF-G scores (2215382) were directly associated with a substantial and positive effect on the quality of life experienced by the participants. A negative impact on quality of life was observed in unmarried, school-educated women whose hirsutism persisted for a longer duration. Nevertheless, no statistically reliable link was established between the factors. A moderate reduction in quality of life was observed due to hirsutism, with a primary focus on its effects on daily living, symptom manifestation, and emotional state. The investigation revealed no substantial connection between the degree of hirsutism and its influence on the quality of life, as per our findings.

Endodontic therapy, including root canal treatment (RCT), is a common consequence of dental caries, a widespread oral health issue in Nepal. Dental caries, when unchecked, commonly results in pulp infection, ultimately leading to pulpal necrosis and the development of peri-radicular diseases. Pain, sensitivity, swelling, or fractures in tooth structures often lead patients to the dental hospital, thereby hindering their ordinary daily activities. RCT treatment is considered among the most effective therapeutic procedures for preserving the aesthetic and functional state of the teeth. The objective of this research is to evaluate the demand for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital. A one-year cross-sectional epidemiological study, focusing on the period from April 2019 to April 2020, was implemented within the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. Following review, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences' Institutional Review Committee approved the ethical aspects of the research. A total of 7566 patient records, encompassing those needing endodontic therapy and other treatments, were compiled, and the relative frequencies of each treatment type were evaluated. NbutylN(4hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine The data obtained were analyzed with the aid of SPSS version 20. NbutylN(4hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine A chi-square analysis was performed to evaluate the associations among various patient-specific factors. Mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were determined using descriptive statistical methods. The p-value was established at less than 0.05 to define statistical significance. Within the 7566 participants of the study, the mean age was 34.971434 years, composed of 4387 (58%) females and 3179 (42%) males. A substantial correlation was observed between the type of treatment required by the study participants and both age and sex, yielding p-values each less than 0.0001. Endodontic therapy was found to be significantly more necessary for patients visiting the department than other treatments, according to the conclusions of this study. A considerable association was found between patients' gender and age, especially for female and elderly individuals requiring endodontic interventions.

Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) signifies the passing of a fetus at a gestational age of 20 weeks or more, possessing a weight of 500 grams or above. Intrauterine fetal death, anytime during pregnancy, inflicts significant emotional distress on both the mother and the medical personnel involved. This research project seeks to illuminate the causative elements associated with the risk of intrauterine fetal death. To pinpoint the variables linked to intrauterine fetal death is the goal of this investigation. The research, a prospective observational study, took place at Paropkar Maternity Women's Hospital in Kathmandu, specifically in Thapathali. Hospital admissions and deliveries for all cases of intrauterine fetal demise occurred between 20 weeks' gestation and term.